AV1 vs HEVC: Why the Open-Source Codec Won

AV1 won the codec war, and it wasn't close. The open-source, royalty-free video codec developed by the Alliance for Open Media now powers 30% of Netflix streams and over 75% of YouTube traffic. HEVC (H.265), its patent-encumbered rival, failed to achieve widespread adoption despite being technically superior at launch. It wasn't killed by technology but by a licensing structure so tangled that even the patent holders couldn't agree on terms.

HEVC's adoption failure is a warning about intellectual property. When HEVC was standardized in 2013, it was technically superior to its predecessor H.264 — delivering 40-50% better compression at the same quality. It should have become the standard for 4K streaming.

Instead, three separate patent pools formed: MPEG LA, HEVC Advance, and individual patent holders who refused to join any pool. The combined licensing cost reached as high as $0.20 per device in some cases, with different terms from different pools. Major tech companies faced a messy scenario: pay multiple patent holders different rates under different terms, with no guarantee that undisclosed patent holders wouldn't emerge to demand additional royalties.

Google, Amazon, Netflix, Apple, Microsoft, Meta, and others responded by founding the Alliance for Open Media (AOM) in 2015. Their goal: build an open-source, royalty-free alternative that made HEVC's licensing problem irrelevant. AV1 was the result, finalized in 2018.

AV1's main disadvantage is encoding speed — compressing video into AV1 takes much more computing power than HEVC. Netflix solved this by running large encoding farms that process content once and serve it billions of times. For live streaming, where real-time encoding is required, HEVC and H.264 still dominate, though AV1 hardware encoders are closing the gap.

In practice, AV1 means better picture quality at lower bandwidth. Netflix's internal testing showed AV1 delivering equivalent quality to HEVC at 30% lower bitrate. For a 4K stream, that means:

• A Netflix 4K stream that required 16 Mbps with HEVC can deliver the same quality at ~11 Mbps with AV1.
• On slower connections (rural broadband, congested networks), AV1 maintains higher resolution with fewer buffering events.
• On mobile networks with data caps, AV1 uses less data for the same viewing hours.

YouTube's aggressive AV1 rollout — now 75%+ of all traffic — saved the company an estimated $500+ million annually in bandwidth costs. For viewers, the improvement is most noticeable on 1080p streams, where AV1 eliminates the compression artifacts (blocking, banding, mosquito noise) that plague H.264 encodes at lower bitrates.

The Alliance for Open Media is already developing AV2, targeting another 30-50% compression improvement over AV1. Early research suggests AV2 could deliver 4K quality at bitrates currently used for 1080p. Target standardization is 2027-2028.

Meanwhile, HEVC isn't dead — it remains dominant in broadcast television, Blu-ray discs, and live streaming where its mature encoder ecosystem and real-time capabilities matter. Apple's ecosystem still leans on HEVC for device recording and AirPlay. But for internet video delivery, which accounts for 65%+ of all internet traffic, AV1 has won. The lesson is straightforward: when Google, Netflix, Amazon, Apple, and Microsoft all agree on something, the proprietary alternative doesn't stand a chance.